QUANTIFIERS

What are quantifiers?

A quantifier is a word or phrase which is used before a noun to indicate the amount or quantity:
'Some', 'many', 'a lot of' and 'a few' are examples of quantifiers.

Quantifiers can be used with both countable and uncountable nouns.

Examples:

There are some books on the desk
He's got only a few dollars.
How much money have you got?
There is a large quantity of fish in this river.
He's got more friends than his sister.

Examples of quantifiers

With Uncountable Nouns

•   much

•   a little/little/very little *

•   a bit (of)

•   a great deal of

•   a large amount of

•   a large quantity of

With Both

•   all

•   enough

•   more/most

•   less/least

•   no/none

•   not any

•   some

•   any

•   a lot of

•   lots of

•   plenty of

With Countable Nouns

•   many

a few/few/very few **


•   a number (of)

•   several

•   a large number of

•   a great number of

•   a majority of

* NOTE

few, very few mean that there is not enough of something.
a few means that there is not a lot of something, but there is enough.

** NOTE

little, very little mean that there is not enough of something.
a little means that there is not a lot of something, but there is enough.

PRACTICE!

http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-exercise-quantifiers.php#.U6OL6hbIQWY
http://www.ihbristol.com/free-english-exercises/test/esol-smc-quantifiers
http://www.learn4good.com/languages/evrd_grammar/quantifier.htm
http://www.grammarbank.com/quantifiers-exercises.html
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/quizzes/cross/quantifiers2.htm
http://www.esl-lounge.com/student/grammar/2g41-quantifiers-gap-fill.php
http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=4307

homework 5

Hi guys! This is your homework. You just need to write speculations using past modals according to the situation that you have. Remember you have a quiz next class. See you on Saturday! 

past modals

Modals – deduction (past)

In the same way that we use modal verbs to say how certain we are about things in the present we can also use them to speculate about the past.



Have + past participle (‘have done’, ‘have been’ have stolen’ etc.) is called the perfect infinitive. When we use modal verbs to talk about the present they are followed by an infinitive without ‘to’. When we use modal verbs to talk about the past they are followed by a perfect infinitive.



must + perfect infinitive



We use must + perfect infinitive when we feel sure about something in the past.

•   You must have been delighted when you heard you’d won the lottery.

•   The thieves must have come in through the window. Look – it’s still open.

•   Oh no! Where’s my car? Someone must have stolen it!

might/may/could + perfect infinitive



We use might, may or could with the perfect infinitive to say that we think something was possible but we aren’t sure.

•   The thieves might have escaped by car but we can’t be sure.

•   He should be hour by now. He may have been delayed by a traffic jam or something.

•   I can’t find my purse. I could have left it in the supermarket but I just don’t know.

can’t + perfect infinitive



We use can’t + perfect infinitive when we feel sure something didn’t happen in the past.

•   I thought I saw John in town this morning but it can’t have been him – he’s in Greece this week.

•   I can’t have left it in the supermarket – I had it on the bus on the way home.

You can’t have read the instructions properly. They’re perfectly clear.

practice

https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/grammar-reference/modals-deduction-past

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/modal-verbs-exercises.html

http://www.ecenglish.com/learnenglish/lessons/speculating-about-past-events

http://www.esl-lounge.com/student/grammar/4g66-past-modals-exercise.php

http://www.profesorrich.com/modal-verbs-3-deduction-speculation-criticism-in-the-past

http://www.autoenglish.org/modalverbs/pastmodalsdeduction.htm

SMARTBOARD TASK

AFTERNOON GROUP SMARTBOARD TASK (DURING CLASS)


http://moviesegmentstoassessgrammargoals.blogspot.com/2008/09/assessing-past-modals-speculation_01.html    

homework 4

Homework 4!
Hi guys! Read pages 118, 119 and do exercises 3,4,5. Just click on the link :) see you on Saturday.
https://www.dropbox.com/s/ggkam7chpblk4m5/success-upper-intermediate-students-book.pdf?dl=0

Impersonal report structures

IMPERSONAL REPORT STRUCTURES

Impersonal report structures are commonly found in reports and newspapers when we want to distance
ourselves from information which is not necessarily our opinion.

I. Reporting with The Passive:

1. it + passive + that-clause
e.g. It is believed that an assassination attempt was made on the president.
Other verbs used with this structure are: accept, agree, allege, claim, consider,
expect, feel, know, predict, say, suggest, think, understand.

2. subject + passive + infinitive
e.g. Knife crime is said to be on the increase in the western suburbs.
Other verbs used with this structure are: believe, consider, find, know, think.


practice!

http://random-idea-english.blogspot.com/2013/06/passive-reporting-structures.html
http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=6854
http://www.eltbase.com/quiz/077_01.htm

relative clauses- defining and non defining

Relative clauses

relative pronoun	use	example
who	subject or object pronoun for people	I told you about the woman who lives next door.
which	subject or object pronoun for animals and things	Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof?
which	referring to a whole sentence	He couldn’t read which surprised me.
whose	possession for people animals and things	Do you know the boy whose mother is a nurse?
whom	object pronoun for people, especially in non-defining relative clauses (in defining relative clauses we colloquially preferwho)	I was invited by the professor whom I met at the conference.
that	subject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in defining relative clauses (who or which are also possible)	I don’t like the table that stands in the kitchen.

relative adverb	meaning	use	example
when	in/on which	refers to a time expression	the day when we met him
where	in/at which	refers to a place	the place where we met him
why	for which	refers to a reason	the reason why we met him

Defining Relative Clauses 

Defining relative clauses (also called identifying relative clauses or restrictive relative clauses) give detailed information defining a general term or expression. Defining relative clauses are not put in commas.

Imagine, Tom is in a room with five girls. One girl is talking to Tom and you ask somebody whether he knows this girl. Here the relative clause defines which of the five girls you mean.

Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom?

Defining relative clauses are often used in definitions.

A seaman is someone who works on a ship.

Object pronouns in defining relative clauses can be dropped. (Sentences with a relative clause without the relative pronoun are called Contact Clauses.)

The boy (who/whom) we met yesterday is very nice.

Non-Defining Relative Clauses 

Non-defining relative clauses (also called non-identifying relative clauses or non-restrictive relative clauses) give additional information on something, but do not define it. Non-defining relative clauses are put in commas.

Imagine, Tom is in a room with only one girl. The two are talking to each other and you ask somebody whether he knows this girl. Here the relative clause is non-defining because in this situation it is obvious which girl you mean.

Do you know the girl, who is talking to Tom?

Note: In non-defining relative clauses, who/which may not be replaced with that.

Object pronouns in non-defining relative clauses must be used.

Jim, who/whom we met yesterday, is very nice.

practice:

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/relative-clauses/exercises?09

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/relative-clauses/exercises?07

https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/english-grammar/clause-phrase-and-sentence/verb-patterns/relative-clauses

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/relative-clauses-exercise-1.html

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/pronouns/relative_pronouns.htm

http://esl.fis.edu/grammar/multi/relative1.htm